Who Must File a Tax Return
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requires certain people to file a federal income tax return each year. Whether you must file depends on several factors, including your age, income level, filing status, and type of income you received. Understanding these requirements helps you know if filing is mandatory for your situation or if filing may still benefit you.
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For the 2023 tax year, most people under age 65 must file if their gross income exceeds $13,850 if they are single, or $27,700 if they are married filing jointly. These amounts change slightly each year because of inflation adjustments. Gross income includes wages, salary, tips, interest, dividends, and self-employment income. It does not include certain nontaxable items like Social Security benefits (in most cases) or gifts.
People age 65 and older have higher income thresholds. A single person age 65 or older must file if gross income exceeds $15,550. For married couples filing jointly where at least one spouse is 65 or older, the threshold is $29,200. These higher thresholds recognize that older workers may have different financial situations.
Even if your income falls below the filing threshold, you may still need to file. Self-employed people with net earnings of $400 or more from self-employment must file, regardless of other income. People who owe taxes, received an income tax refund the previous year, or want to claim refundable tax credits like the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) should also file. Additionally, if you received a Form 1099 showing income from a client or contractor work, you generally must file.
Students, dependents, and young workers often wonder about filing requirements. If you are claimed as a dependent on someone else's return, the income thresholds for filing may be different. A dependent under 65 with unearned income (such as interest or dividends) must file if that income exceeds $1,150. A dependent with earned income must file if that income exceeds $13,850.
Practical Takeaway: Review your total gross income for the year and compare it to the current filing thresholds for your age and filing status. If you are close to the threshold or self-employed, consider filing even if not required, as you may receive a refund or be able to claim valuable tax credits.
Types of Income That Must Be Reported
Income comes in many forms, and the IRS requires you to report most of it on your tax return. Understanding what counts as taxable income helps you organize your financial information before filing and ensures you report everything correctly. Failing to report income can result in penalties and interest.
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Wages and salaries are the most common type of income. If you worked as an employee during the year, your employer should have sent you a Form W-2 by January 31st. This form shows your total wages, taxes withheld, and other employment-related information. You must report all amounts shown in Box 1 of the Form W-2 on your tax return. Tips you received, whether reported to your employer or not, are also taxable income.
Self-employment income includes money you earned from working for yourself. This might include income from freelancing, consulting, a small business, or side work. If you received cash payments for services, you still must report this income even if you did not receive a Form 1099. Clients or businesses that pay you $600 or more in a year are required to send you a Form 1099-NEC or Form 1099-MISC, but the law requires you to report all self-employment income regardless of whether you receive a form.
Investment income includes interest, dividends, and capital gains. Interest from savings accounts, bonds, or loans you made to others is taxable. Dividend income from stocks or mutual funds is also taxable. When you sell an investment for more than you paid for it, the profit (capital gain) is taxable. If you sell an investment for less than you paid, you may be able to deduct the loss, which can reduce your other taxable income.
Other types of income that must be reported include rental income from properties you own, income from selling items online, gambling winnings, prizes and awards, alimony received, and distributions from retirement accounts. Unemployment benefits and certain government payments are also taxable. Some types of income, such as certain gifts and inheritances, are not taxable, but you should verify whether your specific situation involves taxable or nontaxable income.
Gig economy income from platforms like delivery services, rideshare services, or task-based apps is self-employment income. If you drove for a rideshare service or made deliveries, you must report all income you received, minus certain business expenses. These platforms may send you a Form 1099-NEC if you earned $600 or more, but you must report all income earned.
Practical Takeaway: Gather all tax forms you received during January and February, including W-2s, 1099s, and statements from banks or investment companies showing interest and dividends. Create a list of any income you earned that did not result in a tax form, such as cash payments or informal work, and include this on your return.
Deductions and Credits That Reduce Taxes
Tax deductions and credits are two different ways to reduce the amount of tax you owe. Understanding the difference between them and knowing which ones may apply to your situation can result in significant tax savings. A deduction reduces your taxable income, while a credit directly reduces your tax liability dollar-for-dollar.
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There are two ways to deduct expenses: the standard deduction or itemized deductions. The standard deduction is a fixed amount set by the IRS that reduces your taxable income. For 2023, the standard deduction is $13,850 for single filers, $27,700 for married couples filing jointly, and $20,800 for heads of household. Most people use the standard deduction because it is simpler and often results in lower taxes than itemizing. However, if you have significant deductible expenses, itemizing may save you more.
Itemized deductions require you to track and document specific expenses throughout the year. Common itemized deductions include mortgage interest, state and local taxes (up to $10,000), charitable donations, and medical expenses exceeding 7.5% of your adjusted gross income. If you own a home, you likely deduct mortgage interest. If you donate to qualified charities, you can deduct those donations. However, you can only claim itemized deductions if the total exceeds your standard deduction.
Tax credits directly reduce your tax bill. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a major credit for working people with low to moderate income. A single person earning $59,493 or less in 2023 may qualify, depending on other factors. The maximum credit for 2023 is $3,995 for people with no children. The Child Tax Credit provides up to $2,000 per qualifying child under age 17. The American Opportunity Credit provides up to $2,500 per student for higher education expenses. The Lifetime Learning Credit provides up to $2,000 per tax return for higher education costs.
Other valuable credits include the Saver's Credit for low-income workers who contribute to retirement accounts, the Dependent Care Credit for childcare expenses, and the Residential Energy Credit for energy-efficient home improvements. Some credits are refundable, meaning if the credit is larger than your tax liability, you receive the excess as a refund. The EITC and the additional Child Tax Credit are partially refundable, so even if you owe no tax, you may receive money back.
Business deductions are available if you are self-employed. You can deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses such as equipment, office supplies, vehicle expenses, professional services, and a portion of home office costs if you use part of your home exclusively for business. Keeping detailed records of these expenses throughout the year is essential.
Practical Takeaway: Calculate whether the standard deduction or itemized deductions result in a larger reduction to your taxable income. If you have children, earned income, or paid for education, research whether you may benefit from the Child Tax Credit, EITC, or education credits. Keep records of charitable donations, medical expenses, and business expenses to support your deductions.